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1. The National Electrical Code publishes the standards for all types of electrical applications. Articles 318, 250, and 800 cover various aspects of cable tray systems. 2. NEMA, (National Electrical Manufacturers Association), is an association comprised of the major cable tray manufacturers in the industry. This committee has published three documents to date: NEMA VE1, FG1 and VE2.  NEMA VE1 covers general cable tray definitions, manufacturing standards, performance standards, test standards, and application information.  NEMA FG1 addresses the standards for fiberglass cable tray systems.  NEMA VE2 is a cable tray installation guideline which covers receiving and unloading material, storage of material, and general installation practices.

What standards / guidelines are available for cable tray systems?

1. The National Electrical Code publishes the standards for all types of electrical applications. Articles 318, 250, and 800 cover various a...

This typical calibration procedure is just an illustration of how to calibrate a multiphase flow meter for academic purpose only. This typical procedure shall not use as a day to day operation guidance. The vendor specific maintenance manual shall be used in detail. This procedure is for the meters that operate using gamma densitometer, capacitive, and inductance sensor to determine the fluid composition and speed. Gamma densitometer calibration 
<ol class="decimal" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 40px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Drain all fluid inside the flow meter.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fill the flow meter using the atmospheric air.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">By using a laptop, start the calibration (at calibration menu) and enter the known density of the air as reference for the sensor.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fill the flow meter using water that the density has been known.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">By using a laptop, start to measure this water density by using the gamma densitometer.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Make a correction of the measurement constant based on known water density, measured or calculated water density, and the known density of air (see Vendor documentation regarding how to make this constant correction).</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Use the corrected constant as a new constant replacing the old constant.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Measure the density of the water once again to check whether the densitometer output has been corrected or not.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">If the measurement reading deviate from the known density by less than the densitometer accuracy then the calibration activity is done. Otherwise, repeat the entire step again.</li>
</ol>
 Capacitive sensor calibration <ol class="decimal" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 40px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">When the flow meter filled with the atmospheric air in above gamma densitometer calibration, check the permittivity of the air by using a laptop.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The permittivity should be near the permittivity of air (near 1.00).</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">If it differ more than the vendor specified accuracy, then it should be calibrated.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Calibrate the capacitive sensor by using a laptop as per Vendor guidance (usually by press a single calibration button, the software will calibrate and adjust it automatically).</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Check again if the read has been corrected.</li>
</ol>
 Inductance sensor calibration <ol class="decimal" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 40px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">When the flow meter filled with the water in above gamma densitometer calibration, check the water cut reading and the conductivity reading by using a laptop.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The water cut reading should show a 100% water cut (since it was filled with 100% water) if there are any reading deviation more than the water cut accuracy, then it should be calibrated.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Calibrate the inductance sensor for water cut reading by using a laptop as per Vendor guidance (usually by press a single calibration button, the software will calibrate and adjust it automatically).</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Now read the conductivity reading, the conductivity reading should be the same with the known conductivity of the water at the actual temperature and pressure. If there is any reading deviation more than the permissible deviation, then it should be calibrated.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Calibrate the inductance sensor for conductivity reading by using a laptop as per Vendor guidance (usually by press a single calibration button, the software will calibrate and adjust it automatically).</li>
</ol>
 There is also pressure transmitter or temperature transmitter attached to multiphase flow meter. Normally this transmitter calibration will be done by the engineer just like other transmitter so that it’s not part of this procedure. Typical tools required: <ol class="decimal" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 40px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Maintenance or diagnostic laptop.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Serial cable for communicating with the flow computer.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Serial to USB converter to connect the serial cable to the diagnostic laptop.</li>
</ol>

Typical Calibration Procedure of Multiphase Flow Meter

This typical calibration procedure is just an illustration of how to calibrate a multiphase flow meter for academic purpose only. This typic...

What standards / guidelines are available for cable tray systems?

Typical Calibration Procedure of Multiphase Flow Meter

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